Chronological list of Egypt's rulers (2) | Egyptology

Continuation of the List of the Names of the Rulers of Egypt

Thirteenth Dynasty (continued)

Ruler	Dates
Semenkhkare (Imira-mesha)
Sehetepikare (Intef IV)
Meribre (Sety)
Sekhemre-sewadjtawy (Sobekhotep III)	(3 years)
Khasekhemre (Neferhotep I)	(11 years)
Menwadjre (?) (Sihathor)	(? years)
Khaneferre (Sobekhotep IV)
Merhotepre (Sobekhotep V)
Khahetepre (Sobekhotep VI)	(4 years)
Wahibre (Iaib)	(10 years)
Merneferre (Ay / Aya)	(23 years)
Merhetepre (Ini I)	(2 years)
Sankhenre (Sewadjtu)
Mersekhemre (Ined)
Sewadjkare (Hori)
Merkawre (Sobekhotep VII)
Mersehepesre (Ini II)
Mersekhemre (Neferhotep II)
Five unknown kings
Mer[…]-re (???)
Merkheperre (the First)
Merikare (the First) (???)
???
Sewadjkare (Mentuhotep V)
[…]mesre (?) (???)
[…]maatre (Ibi II)
[…]wenre (Hor II)
Se[…]kare (???)
Seheqanre (Sankhptahi)
Sekhanre I (…m)
Sewadjenre (Senebmiu)	– 1650

Fourteenth Dynasty (1750 – 1650)

A group of northern rulers whose reigns coincided with the kings of the Thirteenth Dynasty:

Ruler	Dates
Nehesy
Kha‘usere
Nebfaure
Sehebre
Merdjefare
Sewadjkare
Heribre
Sankhibre
Kha‘neferre
Neferibre
Ankhkare

Second Intermediate Period (1650 – 1550)

Fifteenth Dynasty (Hyksos) (1650 – 1550)

Ruler	Dates
(Salitis)
(Beon / Bnon)
(Sakir-Har)
Seuserenre (Khyan)
Nebkhepeshre / Aqenenre / Aauserre (Apophis / Apepi)	(40 years) 1585 – 1545
??? (Khamudi)	1545 – 1535

Sixteenth Dynasty (Hyksos) (1650 – 1590)

A group of rulers loyal to the Hyksos whose reigns coincided with the kings of the Fifteenth Dynasty.

Ruler	Dates
??? (???)	– 1650
Sekhemre-sementawy (Djehuty)
Sekhemre-sewosertawy (Sobekhotep VIII)
Sekhemre-sankhtawy (Neferhotep III)
Sankhenre (Mentuhotepi)
Sewadjenre (Nebiryrau I)
Neferkare (?) (Nebiryrau II)
Semenre (???)
Seusererenre (Bebi-ankh)
Sekhemre-shedwaset (???)
Djedhetepre (Dedumes I)
Djedneferre (Dedumes II)
Djedankhre (Montuemsaf)
Merankhre (Mentuhotep VI)
Seneferibre (Senusret IV)	– 1590

Seventeenth Dynasty (native rule at Thebes) (1585 – 1549)

Ruler	Dates
Sekhemre-wahkhau (Rahotep)	– 1585
Sekhemre-shedtawy (Sobekemsaf I)
Sekhemre-wepmaat (Intef V)
Nubkheperre (Intef VI)
Sekhemre-heruhirmaat (Intef VII)
Sekhemre-wadjkhau (Sobekemsaf II)
Senakhtenre (Tao I)	– 1558
Seqenenre (Tao II)	(5 years) 1558 – 1553
Wadjkheperre (Kamose)	(4 years) 1553 – 1549

New Kingdom (1549 – 1069)

Eighteenth Dynasty (1549 – 1295)

Ruler	Dates
Nebpehtyre (Ahmose I)	(25 years) 1549 – 1524
Djeserkare (Amenhotep I)	(21 years) 1524 – 1503
Aakheperkare (Thutmose I)	(12 years) 1503 – 1491
Aakheperenre (Thutmose II)	(12 years) 1491 – 1479
Menkheperre (Thutmose III)	(54 years) 1479 – 1424
* Maatkare (Hatshepsut)	1472 – 1457
Aakheperure (Amenhotep II)	(26 years) 1424 – 1398
Menkheperure (Thutmose IV)	(10 years) 1398 – 1388
Nebmaatre (Amenhotep III)	(40 years) 1388 – 1348
Neferkheperure-waenre (Amenhotep IV / Akhenaten)	(17 years) 1360 – 1343
Ankhkheperure (Smenkhkare Djeserkheperu / Nefernefruaten)	(1 year, co-regency) 1346
Ankhkheperure-meryre (Nefernefruaten / Nefertiti)	(3 years, co-regency) 1346 – 1343
Nebkheperure (Tutankhamun)	(10 years) 1343 – 1333
Kheperkheperure (Ay)	(5 years) 1333 – 1328
Djeserkheperure-setepenre (Horemheb)	(30 years) 1328 – 1298

Nineteenth Dynasty (1298 – 1187)

Ruler	Dates
Menpehtyre (Ramesses I)	(2 years) 1298 – 1296
Menmaatre (Seti I)	(17 years) 1296 – 1279
Usermaatre-setepenre (Ramesses II)	(67 years) 1279 – 1212
Baenre-meryamun (Merenptah)	(11 years) 1212 – 1201
Userkheperure-setepenre-meryamun (Seti II)	(6 years) 1201 – 1195
Menmire-setepenre (Amenmesse)	(4 years, co-regency) 1200 – 1196
Sekhaenre / Aakheperre (Ramesses-Siptah, later Siptah-Merenptah)	(6 years) 1195 – 1189
* Sitre-meryamun (Tawosret)	(2 years) 1189 – 1187

Twentieth Dynasty (1187 – 1069)

Ruler	Dates
Userkhaure-setepenre-meryamun (Sethnakht)	(2 years) 1187 – 1185
Usermaatre-meryamun (Ramesses III)	(32 years) 1185 – 1153
Heqamaatre-setepenre (Ramesses IV)	(7 years) 1153 – 1146
Usermaatre-sekheperenre (Ramesses V: Amunherkhepeshef I)	(5 years) 1146 – 1141
Nebmaatre-meryamun (Ramesses VI: Amunherkhepeshef II)	(8 years) 1141 – 1133
Usermaatre-setepenre-meryamun (Ramesses VII: Itamun)	(8 years) 1133 – 1125
Usermaatre-akhenamun (Ramesses VIII: Sethherkhepeshef)	(2 years) 1125 – 1123
Neferkare-setepenre (Ramesses IX: Khaemwaset I)	(19 years) 1123 – 1104
Khepermaatre-setepenre (Ramesses X: Amunherkhepeshef III)	(10 years) 1104 – 1094
Menmaatre-setepenptah (Ramesses XI: Khaemwaset II)	(30 years) 1094 – 1064
Hemnetjer-tepy-en-amun (Herihor – Smendes)	(6 years, co-regency) 1075 – 1069

Late Period (until the entry of Alexander the Great) (1064 – 332)

Twenty-first Dynasty (1064 – 945)

Ruler	Dates
Smendes	(26 years) 1064 – 1038
Amenemnisu	(4 years) 1038 – 1034
Kheperkhare-setepenamun (Pinedjem I)	(23 years, co-regency) 1049 – 1026
(Psusennes I)	(53 years) 1034 – 981
Amenemope	(10 years) 984 – 974
Osorkon the Elder	(6 years) 974 – 968
Siamun	(20 years) 968 – 948
(Psusennes II)	(5 years, co-regency) 945 – 940

Twenty-second Dynasty (948 – 715)

Ruler	Dates
(Shoshenq I)	(21 years) 948 – 927
(Osorkon I)	(35 years) 927 – 892
(Shoshenq II)	895 – 895
(Takelot I)	(15 years) 892 – 877
(Osorkon II)	(39 years) 877 – 838
(Shoshenq III)	(40 years) 838 – 798
(Shoshenq IV)	(12 years) 798 – 786
(Pami / Pamiu)	(6 years) 786 – 780
Shoshenq V	(37 years) 780 – 743
Sehetepibre (Pedubast II)	(10 years) 743 – 733
(Osorkon IV)	733 – 715

Twenty-third Dynasty (contemporary with the preceding) (867 – 724)

Ruler	Dates
Hedjkheperre-setepenamun (Harsiese)	(10 years) 867 – 857
(Takelot II)	(26 years) 841 – 815
(Pedubast I)	(25 years) 830 – 805
??? (Iuput I)	(co-regency) 815 – 813
(Shoshenq VI)	805 – 796
(Osorkon III)	(30 years) 796 – 769
(Takelot III)	(15 years) 774 – 759
(Rudamun)	(20 years) 759 – 739
(Ini)	(5 years) 739 – 734
Neferkare (Peftjauawybast)	(10 years) 734 – 724

Twenty-fourth Dynasty (735 – 721)

Ruler	Dates
Shepsesre (Tefnakht)	(8 years) 735 – 727
Wahkare (Bakenrenef)	(6 years) 727 – 721

Twenty-fifth Dynasty (752 – 656)

Ruler	Dates
Kashta (founder of the dynasty in the Kingdom of Napata)	764 – 752
Seneferre (Piye / Piankhy)	(20 years) 752 – 721
Neferkare (Shabaka)	(14 years) 721 – 707
Djedkare (Shebitku)	(16 years) 707 – 690
Khuneferre (Taharqa)	(26 years) 690 – 664
Bakare (Tantamani)	(8 years) 664 – 656

Twenty-sixth Dynasty (672 – 525)

Ruler	Dates
(Nekau I)	672 – 664
Wahibre (Psamtik I)	(54 years) 664 – 610
Wehemibre (Nekau II)	(15 years) 610 – 595
Neferibre (Psamtik II)	(6 years) 595 – 589
Haaibre (Wahibre / Apries)	(19 years) 589 – 570
Khnemibre (Ahmose II / Amasis)	(44 years) 570 – 526
Ankhkaenre (Psamtik III)	(1 year) 526 – 525

Twenty-seventh Dynasty (First Persian Period) (525 – 404)

Ruler	Dates
Cambyses	(3 years) 525 – 522
Darius I	(35 years) 525 – 486
Xerxes I	(21 years) 486 – 465
Artaxerxes I	(41 years) 465 – 424
Xerxes II	(1 year) 424
Darius II	(18 years) 423 – 405
Artaxerxes II	?? 405 – 359??

Twenty-eighth Dynasty (404 – 399)

Ruler	Dates
“Amunirdisu” (Amyrtaeus)	(5 years) 404 – 399

Twenty-ninth Dynasty (399 – 380)

Ruler	Dates
Baenre-merynetjeru (Nepherites I / Nefaarud I)	(6 years) 399 – 393
Usermaatre-setepenptah (Psammuthis)	(1 year) 393
Khnemmaatre (Hakor / Achoris)	(13 years) 393 – 380
??? (Nepherites II)	(1 year) 380

Thirtieth Dynasty (380 – 342)

Ruler	Dates
Kheperkare (Nectanebo I / Nakhtnebef)	(18 years) 380 – 362
Irymaatenre (Djedhor / Teos / Tachos)	(2 years) 362 – 360
Senedjemibre-setepeninhur (Nectanebo II / Nakhtthorheb)	(18 years) 360 – 342

Thirty-first Dynasty (Second Persian Period) (343 – 332)

Ruler	Dates
(Artaxerxes III = Ochus)	(5 years) 342 – 338
(Arses = Artaxerxes IV)	(2 years) 338 – 336
(Darius III)	(3 years) 335 – 332
Khababasha	(raised by the priests of Memphis to the throne of Egypt) (native king) 332 – 30?

Ptolemaic Period

(A) Macedonian Period (Macedonian Dynasty) (332 – 305)

Ruler	Dates
Alexander III (the Great)	(9 years) 332 – 323
Philip Arrhidaeus	(5 years) 323 – 317
Alexander IV	(7 years) 317 – 310
The governor “Ptolemy son of Lagus” (later King Ptolemy I)	– 305

(B) Rule of the Ptolemaic Dynasty (310 – 30 BC)

Ruler	Dates
Ptolemy I (Soter I)	(28 years) 310 – 282
Ptolemy II (Philadelphus)	(36 years) 285 – 246
Ptolemy III (Euergetes I)	(24 years) 246 – 222
Ptolemy IV (Philopator)	(17 years) 222 – 205
Ptolemy V (Epiphanes)	(25 years) 205 – 180
Ptolemy VI (Philometor)	(16 years) 180 – 164
Ptolemy VIII (Euergetes II)	(7 years) 170 – 163
Ptolemy VI (Philometor) [second time]	(18 years) 163 – 145
Ptolemy VII “Neos” (Eupator)	145
Ptolemy VIII (Euergetes II) [second time]	(29 years) 145 – 116
Ptolemy IX (Philometor / Soter II)	(6 years) 116 – 110
Ptolemy X (Philopator / Alexander I)	(1 year) 110 – 109
Ptolemy IX [second time]	(2 years) 109 – 107
Ptolemy X [second time]	(19 years) 107 – 88
Ptolemy IX [third time]	(8 years) 88 – 80
??? (Ptolemy XI / Alexander II)	80
Berenice III	80
Ptolemy XII (Auletes / Neos Dionysos / Philopator Philadelphus)	(22 years) 80 – 58
Berenice IV	56
Ptolemy XII [second time]	(4 years) 55 – 51
* Cleopatra VII (Philopator)	(21 years) 51 – 30 BC
Ptolemy XIII	(4 years, co-regency) 51 – 47
Ptolemy XIV	(3 years, co-regency) 47 – 44
Ptolemy XV (Caesarion / Philopator Philometor)	(11 years, co-regency) 44 – 30 BC

Roman Rule (30 BC – 305 AD)

Ruler	Dates
Augustus (Octavian)	30 BC – 14 AD
Tiberius	14 – 37 AD
Gaius “Caligula”	37 – 41 AD
Claudius	41 – 54 AD
Nero	54 – 68 AD
Galba	68 – 69 AD
Otho	69 AD
Vitellius	69 AD
Vespasian	69 – 79 AD
Titus	79 – 81 AD
Domitian	81 – 96 AD
Nerva	96 – 98 AD
Trajan	98 – 117 AD
Hadrian	117 – 138 AD
Antoninus Pius	138 – 161 AD
Marcus Aurelius	161 – 180 AD
Lucius Verus	161 – 169 AD
Commodus	180 – 192 AD
Pertinax	193 AD
Didius Julianus	193 AD
Septimius Severus	193 – 211 AD
Caracalla	198 – 217 AD
Geta	209 – 212 AD
Macrinus	217 – 218 AD
Elagabalus	218 – 222 AD
Severus Alexander	222 – 235 AD
Maximinus	238 AD
Gordian I	238 AD
Gordian II	238 AD
Balbinus	238 AD
Pupienus	238 AD
Gordian III	238 – 244 AD
Philip	244 – 249 AD
Decius	249 – 251 AD
Trebonianus	251 – 253 AD
Aemilianus	253 AD
Valerian	253 – 260 AD
Gallienus	253 – 268 AD
Claudius Gothicus	268 – 270 AD
Aurelian	270 – 275 AD
Tacitus	275 – 276 AD
Florianus	276 AD
Probus	276 – 282 AD
Carus	282 – 283 AD
Carinus	283 – 285 AD
Numerian	283 – 284 AD
Diocletian	284 – 305 AD

Module Key Takeaways

• Chronological scope: Covers Egyptian rulers from the mid-Thirteenth Dynasty through the Roman period.
• Dynastic transitions: Includes the Second Intermediate Period, New Kingdom, Late Period, Ptolemaic, and Roman rule.
• Regnal data: Provides names, prenomens, and reign dates for political succession and foreign domination.

Academic Milestone: You have successfully completed this educational module and mastered Level 1 of Egyptology.

List of the Names of the Rulers of Egypt until the End of the Roman Period (1)

Names of the Rulers of Ancient Egypt (1)

Note: All the dates are before Christ except for the period of Roman rule. The first name is the “Horus name” or the “coronation name” (throne name: Nesu-bity), while the second name between the parentheses is the personal name “birth name” (Sa-Re).

Pre-Dynastic Period ……………………………… 5000 – 3000

Badarian Culture …………………………………… 5000 – 4000

Naqada I Culture (Amratian) ……………………… 4000 – 3500

Naqada II Culture (Gerzean) ……………………… 3500 – 3150

Naqada III Culture ………………………………… 3150 – 3000

Dynasty 0

Ny-Hor

¹ Reference has been made to the most recent opinions on the chronology and the order of the kings in ancient Egypt for the Dynastic Period and what followed it, taken from the following reference (and relying on other references):
– Aidan DODSON and Dyan HILTON, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson Ltd (London, 2004). First published in Egypt in 2004 by The American University in Cairo Press, First paperback edition (Cairo, 2005), 287–294; also: www.The Pharaohs Network: Second Intermediate Period; cf. www.The Xenophile Historian: A LIST OF THE PHARAOHS OF ANCIENT EGYPT AND THE KINGS OF ANCIENT NUBIA.

² The term “Culture” has been used here instead of the term “Period” or the term “Civilisation” which is more common in the Arabic and Western references, because there is a difference between the concept of the first term and the concept of the other two terms, which does not correspond to the cultures (and not the civilisations) of each of the sites of the Prehistoric Period. For more on this usage and the difference between those terms, see: Hussein Mo’nis, Civilisation: A Study of Its Origins, Factors of Its Rise and Development, ‘Alam al-Ma‘rifa, First edition: No. 1 (Kuwait: National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters, January 1978), Second edition: No. 237 (Kuwait, September 1998), Chapter Six: Culture and Civilisation, 369–403.

Hat-Hor

[………]

[………]

Pe-Hor

Iry-Hor (Ro)

Ka (or Sekhen)

Scorpion (the Second)

Horus the Crocodile (or Horus-Sobek?)

Old Kingdom ……………………………………… 3150 – 2117

[A] Early Dynastic Period (Archaic Period) …… 3150 – 2584

First Dynasty ……………………………………… 3150 – 2890

1. Narmer (Meni) ………………………………… c. 3150

2. Aha ……………………………………………… c. 3150

3. Djer (Itet) ……………………………………… c. 3000

4. Djet (Iti) ……………………………………… c. 2980

5. Den (Semti) …………………………………… c. 2950

6. * Merneith ……………………………………… [c. 2950]

7. Anedjib (Merpibia) …………………………… c. 2900

8. Semerkhet (Iry-nebty) ………………………… c. 2890

* Senecht (?) …………………………………… Northern Rebel

Senefer-ka (?) …………………………………… Northern Rebel

Second Dynasty ………………………………… 2890 – 2584

1. Hotepsekhemwy (Bau-neter) ………………… c. 2890

2. Raneb (or Nebre / Kakau) …………………… c. 2865

3. Nynetjer (Ny-neter) ……………………………

4. ??? (Weneg) ……………………………………

5. ??? (Sened) ……………………………………

6. Horus: Sekhemib (Per-en-maat) …………… c. 2700
/ (then) Seth: Peribsen (Per-ib-sen)

7. ??? (Neferkare) ………………………………

8. ??? (Neferkasokar) ……………………………

9. ??? (Hudjefa) …………………………………

10. Khasekhem (then became) Horus and Seth: Khasekhemwy (Nebwy-hotep-imef) …… (27 years) 2611 – 2584

[B] Period of the Pyramid Builders …………… 2584 – 2117

Third Dynasty …………………………………… 2584 – 2520

1. Netjerikhet (Djoser) ………………………… (19 years) 2584 – 2565

2. Sanakht / (Nebka) …………………………… (9 years) 2565 – 2556

3. Sekhemkhet (Djoserty) ……………………… (6 years) 2556 – 2550

4. Khaba (Teti?) ………………………………… (6 years) 2550 – 2544

5. Qahedjet (?) (Huni: Neferkare) …………… (24 years) 2544 – 2520

Fourth Dynasty ………………………………… 2520 – 2392

1. Horus: Nebmaat (Sneferu) ………………… (50 years) 2520 – 2470

2. Horus: Medjedu (Khufu) …………………… (23 years) 2470 – 2447

3. Horus: Kheper (Djedefre / Radjedef) ……… (8 years) 2447 – 2439

4. Nebkaure (Sethka?) ………………………… 2439 – 2437

5. Horus: Userib (Khafre) …………………… (23 years) 2437 – 2414

6. Horus: Kakhet (Menkaure) ………………… (18 years) 2414 – 2396

7. Horus: Shepseskhet (Shepseskaf) ………… (4 years) 2396 – 2392

8. * Khentkaus ………………………………… (two years according to the Turin Papyrus) (2392? – 2394?)

Fifth Dynasty …………………………………… 2392 – 2282

1. Horus: Irymaat (Userkaf) ………………… (7 years) 2392 – 2385

2. Horus: Nebkhau (Sahure) ………………… (12 years) 2385 – 2373

3. Neferirkare (Kakai) ………………………… (10 years) 2373 – 2363

4. Shepseskare (Isi) …………………………… (1 year) 2363 – 2362

5. Horus: Neferkhau (Neferefre) …………… (3 years) 2362 – 2359

6. Niuserre (Ini) ………………………………… (11 years) 2359 – 2348

7. Menkauhor (Ikauhor) ……………………… (8 years) 2348 – 2340

8. Djedkare (Isesi) …………………………… (28 years) 2340 – 2312

9. Horus: Wadjtawy (Unis, or Unas) ……… (30 years) 2312 – 2282

Sixth Dynasty …………………………………… 2282 – 2117

1. Horus: Seheteptawy (Teti) ………………… (12 years) 2282 – 2270

2. Userkare (……………………) …………… 2270 – 2265

3. Nefer-sa-Hor / Meryre (Pepi I) …………… (46 years) 2265 – 2219

4. Merenre (Nemtyemsaf I) …………………… (7 years) 2219 – 2212

5. Neferkare (Pepi II) ………………………… (94 years) 2212 – 2118

6. Merenre (?) (Nemtyemsaf II) ……………… (1 year) 2118 – 2117

7. * Nitocris (Nitokris) ………………………… (two years?)

Seventh and Eighth Dynasties ………………… c. 2117 – ……

1. Neferkare (personal name Sa-Re: ???) ……

2. Menkare (???) ………………………………

3. Neferkare (???) ………………………………

4. Neferkare (Neby) ……………………………

5. Djedkare (Shemay) …………………………

6. Neferkare (Khendu) …………………………

7. Merenhor (???) ………………………………

8. Nikare (???) …………………………………

9. Neferkare (Teruru) …………………………

10. Neferkauhor (???) …………………………

11. Neferkare (Pepiseneb) ……………………

12. Neferkamin (Anu) …………………………

13. Qakare (Ibi I) ……………………………… (4 years)

14. Neferkaure (???) ……………………………

15. Neferkauhor (Khuihapi) ……………………

16. Neferirkare (???) ……………………………

First Intermediate Period ……………………… …… – 2066

Ninth and Tenth Dynasties …………………… 2160 – 2025

1. Meryibre (Khety, or Akhtoy I) ……………

2. Neferkare (???) ………………………………

3. Wahkare (Khety, or Akhtoy II) ……………

4. ??? (Senenre?) ………………………………

5. Neferkare (Khety, or Akhtoy III) …………

6. Mery-[…] (Khety, or Akhtoy IV) …………

7. Merihat (Merihat) ……………………………

8. ??? (Mery-Hathor) …………………………

9. Nebkaure (Khety, or Akhtoy V) ……………

10. Merykare (???) ………………………………

11. ??? (???) …………………………………… c. 2040

Rulers of Thebes (first half of the Eleventh Dynasty) … 2160 – 2066

1. Horus: Tepia (Mentuhotep I, the Ancestor) … 2160 –

2. Horus: Sehertawy (Intef I) ………………… – 2123

3. Horus: Wahankh (Intef II) ………………… (49 years) 2123 – 2074

4. Horus: Nakhtnebtepnefer (Intef III) ……… (8 years) 2074 – 2066

Middle Kingdom ………………………………… 2066 – 1781

Second half of the Eleventh Dynasty ……… 2066 – 1994

5. Nebhepetre (Mentuhotep II) ……………… (52 years) 2066 – 2014

6. Sankhkare (Mentuhotep III) ……………… (13 years) 2014 – 2001

7. Nebtawyre (Mentuhotep IV) ……………… (7 years) 2001 – 1994

Twelfth Dynasty ………………………………… 1994 – 1781

1. Sehetepibre (Amenemhat I) ……………… (30 years) 1994 – 1964

2. Kheperkare (Senusret I) …………………… (45 years) 1974 – 1929

3. Nubkhaure (Amenemhat II) ……………… (36 years) 1932 – 1896

4. Khakheperre (Senusret II) ………………… (20 years) 1900 – 1880

5. Khakaure (Senusret III) …………………… (41 years) 1881 – 1840

6. Nimaatre (Amenemhat III) ………………… (48 years) 1842 – 1798?

7. Maakherure (Amenemhat IV) …………… (13 years) 1798 – 1785

8. * Queen Sobekkare (Sobekneferu) ……… (4 years) 1785 – 1781

Thirteenth Dynasty ……………………………… 1781 – ……

1. Sekhemre-khutawi (Sobekhotep I) ……… (3 years)

2. Sekhemkare (Amenemhat-senebef) ……… (3 years)

3. Nerikare (???) ……………………………… (1 year)

4. Sekhemkare (Amenemhat V) ……………… (3 years)

5. Sehetepibre I (Qemau) …………………… (2 years)

6. Sankhibre (Iufni – Amenemhat VI) ……… (3 years)

7. Semenkare (Nebnuni) ………………………

8. ??? (Iufni) ……………………………………

9. Sehetepibre II (Hor – Nedjehri-enef) ……

10. Sewadjkare (???) ……………………………

11. Nedjemibre (???) ……………………………

12. Khaankhre (Sobekhotep II) ………………

13. Sekhemre-khutawi (Reniseneb) ……………

14. Autibre (Hor I) ………………………………

15. Sedjefakare (Kay – Amenemhat VII) ……

16. Khutawyre (Wegaf) …………………………

17. Userkare / Khutawyre-maatre (Khendjer) …

18. Semenkhkare (Imira-mesha) ………………

19. Sehetepikare (Intef IV) ……………………

20. Meribre (Sety) ………………………………

21. Sekhemre-sewadjtawy (Sobekhotep III) … (3 years)

22. Khasekhemre (Neferhotep I) ……………… (11 years)

23. Menwadjre (?) (Sihathor) ………………… (? years)

24. Khaneferre (Sobekhotep IV) ………………

25. Merhotepre (Sobekhotep V) ………………

26. Khahetepre (Sobekhotep VI) ……………… (4 years)

27. Wahibre (Iaib) ……………………………… (10 years)

28. Merneferre (Ay / Aya) …………………… (23 years)

29. Merhetepre (Ini I) ………………………… (2 years)

30. Sankhenre (Sewadjtu) ………………………

31. Mersekhemre (Ined) …………………………

32. Sewadjkare (Hori) ……………………………

33. Merkawre (Sobekhotep VII) ………………

34. Mersehepesre (Ini II) ………………………

Module Key Takeaways

• The list covers Egyptian rulers from the Pre-Dynastic Period through the Thirteenth Dynasty, arranged by dynasty and chronological dates.
• Each ruler entry includes the Horus or coronation name and, where available, the personal birth name with regnal years.
• The chronology follows Dodson and Hilton’s reference and notes variations in dating for early periods.

Continuation of the Appendix on Royal Titles and Symbols | Egyptology

Continuation of the Appendix on Royal Titles and Symbols

Funerary Temples (continued)

Temple	Name (Transliteration)	Meaning
Temple of King Thutmose I	ḫnmt-ꜥnḫ	United with Life
Temple of King Thutmose II	šspt-ꜥnḫ	Recipient of Life
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut	ḏsr ḏsrw	Holy of Holies
Temple of King Thutmose III	ḥnkt ꜥnḫ	Offering of Life
Temple of King Amenhotep II	šspt ꜥnḫ	Recipient of Life
Temple of King Amenhotep III at Thebes	ḫspt imn	Which Amun Receives
Temple of King Amenhotep III at Memphis	ḫnmt ptḥ	United with Ptah
Temple of King Ay	mn mnw	Enduring of Monuments
Temple of King Ramesses II	ḫnmt wꜣst	United with Thebes
Temple of King Ramesses III – Medinet Habu	ḫnmt nḥḥ	United with Eternity

6 – The Capitals of Political Egypt

The Capital before the Unification

Capital of the South	Transliteration	Meaning / Modern Name
Nekhen	nḫn	Hierakonpolis

Capital of the North	Transliteration	Meaning / Modern Name
Pe / Dep	pr-wꜣḏt	Buto (Tell el-Fara’in)

The Capitals after the Unification

Dynasty	Capital	Transliteration	Modern Name / Meaning
1–8	The White Wall	inb-ḥḏ	Memphis
9–10	Heracleopolis	nn-nsw	Ihnasiya
11	Thebes	wꜣst	Thebes
12	Itj-tawy	iṯi-tꜣwy	(near Lisht)
13–14	Sakha	ḫꜣsw	Sakha
15–17	Avaris	ḥwt-wꜥrt	Avaris (Hyksos)
18–20	Thebes	wꜣst	Thebes
18 (Akhenaten)	Akhetaten	ꜣḫt-itn	Tell el-Amarna
19–20	Pi-Ramesses	pr mry-imn rꜥ-ms-sw	Qantir / Pi-Ramesses
21	Tanis	ḏꜥnt	Tanis
22	Bubastis	pr-bꜣstt	Tell Basta
23–24	Sais	sꜣw	Sais
26	Sais	sꜣw	Sais

For more details on these capitals, see: Abdel Halim Nour El-Din, The Ancient Egyptian Language, and also the website of the Egyptian Museum.

7 – Essential Vocabulary

I have chosen these few vocabulary items which I consider to represent fundamental elements in Egyptian civilisation – in architecture, the arts, religious beliefs and royal traditions – and which must therefore be known.

Hieroglyphic Term	Meaning
mr	Pyramid
r-pr / ḥwt-nṯr	Temple
is	Tomb
bḫnt	Pylon
ḏsr ḏsrw	Holy of Holies
wḏ	Stela
pr-nsw ꜥꜣ	Palace
sbꜣ	Door / Gateway
iwn	Column
ḳrsw	Coffin
ḏꜣdw	Hypostyle Hall
pr	House / Temple
ꜣḫt	Horizon
ipt-rsyt	Temple of Luxor
ipt-swt	Temple of Karnak
niwt	City
ḥrt-nṯr smt	Necropolis
ḏt nḥḥ	Eternity
tḫn	Obelisk
ḳrst	Burial / Funerary
dmi	Village / Town
sš	Writing / Drawing
ḳꜣwt	Work
twt	Statue
ḏw	Mountain
inr	Stone
iwn	Colour
sš	Scribe
ḥtpw-nṯr	Divine Offerings
mnw	Monument
rꜥ	Sun
ṯm	Cartouche
šfdw	Papyrus (roll)
ḫꜥw	Appearance / Rising
sbꜣ	Star
iꜥḥ	Moon
rsy	South
mḥt	North
ḥtp	West / Setting
itrw ꜥꜣ	The Great River (the Nile)
imntt	West
iꜣbtt	East
grḥ	Night
dwꜣt	The Other World
dšrt	Desert
pt	Sky
psḏt	Ennead
hrw	Day
nsw	King
nṯr	God
tꜣ	Land / Earth

8 – The Formulae

1 – Formulae of Wishes and Invocations

Formula	Meaning
ꜥnḫ wḏꜣ(w) snb(.w)	May he live, be prosperous and healthy

These three signs each represent one of the words as follows. It is clear that the Egyptian chose the first sign from the first and third words, and the second sign from the second word, intending that all the signs should be vertical so as to appear in beautiful harmony. This formula follows the names of the kings and can be translated in more than one way, but I have chosen the most common translation. This formula also occurs after the names of individuals, especially in letters, but then it is preceded by the preposition “m” to mean “in life, prosperity and health.”

Formula	Meaning
di ꜥnḫ	May life be given

This is a formula also associated with the kings. It expresses the wish for life for the king, and it occurs in the passive form because the gift is granted by the god.

Formula	Meaning
ꜥnḫ ḏt	May he live for ever

This is a wish for the king that he may enjoy eternity in the other world.

Formula	Meaning
di ꜥnḫ ḏt	May life be given for ever

This is the complete formula of the two preceding ones.

Formula	Meaning
di ꜥnḫ mi rꜥ ḏt	May life be given like Re for ever

The formula here is more detailed and links the king with the god Re, wishing that he may live for ever like the god Re.

2 – Formula of Address

Formula	Meaning
i nṯrw imyw dwꜣt	O gods who are in the other world
i ꜥnḫw	O living ones
i nṯrw	O gods

3 – The Formula that begins the God’s Speech

Formula	Meaning
ḏd mdw in imn-rꜥ	Words spoken by Amun-Re

4 – Formula of Presentation (offering of offerings) by the King to the God

Formula	Meaning
di.n(i) n.k ḥtp	I have given to you an offering

Sometimes the gift is from the god to the king.

5 – Formula of the Offerings for the Deceased

Formula	Meaning
ḥtp di nsw wsir	An offering which the king gives to Osiris

6 – Formula of the Dedication of the Monument to the God

Formula	Meaning
ir.n.f m mnw.f n it.f imn …	He made (it) as his monument for his father Amun … (temple, obelisk, etc.)

7 – The Formula that occurs after the Name of the Deceased

Formula	Meaning
imꜣḫy ḥr … mꜣꜥ-ḫrw	The revered one before …, true of voice (justified)

8 – The Dating Formula (Year – Month – Season – Day, then the name of the king)

Example:
ḥꜣt-sp 12 ꜣbd 3 prt sw 20 ḥr ḥm n nsw-bity …
“Year 12, month 3 of the season of Winter (Peret), day 20, under the Majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt …”

9 – The Offering Formula

This is among the formulae that occur frequently on the Egyptian monuments – on the façades of the tombs, the false doors, the offering tables and the coffins. It is the formula that begins with (ḥtp di nsw), that is “an offering which the king gives,” then follows the names of certain gods who were associated with this formula, the most prominent of them being Osiris and Anubis, on account of the role of the former in the other world and the role of the latter in mummification.

Among the goddesses who also appear in this formula are Isis, Nephthys, Neith and Serket, as well as the gods Sokar and Wepwawet, and the four sons of Horus (Hapy, Imsety, Duamutef and Qebehsenuef). Then the name of the god or goddess is followed by the offerings presented to the deceased, which may be solid offerings (such as bread, meat, vegetables, fruit, alabaster and clothing) or liquid (such as milk, wine, beer and oils, etc.).

The offerings are presented explicitly to the ka (the double) on the consideration that the ka – by virtue of its closeness to the deceased, whether inside the tomb or around it – will guarantee the continuity of food and drink for the deceased in the other world. As for the spirit, it has ascended to the world of the sky. The formula ends with the name of the deceased and the invocations and wishes that indicate his justification.

Perhaps the difficulty which the offering formula represents lies in the role of both the king and the god in the process of giving: does each of them grant to the deceased, or does the king present to the god who is the rightful owner of the gift? Despite all the studies that have discussed this formula from the point of view of the rules of the language, from the point of view of the meaning, and from the religious point of view, we see – by analogy with the scenes and the texts that represent the rituals of presentation which unite the king or the ordinary individual with the god – that the person is the one who approaches the god with the offerings and with every kind of gift in the hope of a reciprocal gift from the god consisting in the granting of life, kingship, authority, health and long life. Accordingly, what is intended here is that the king presents the offerings to the god (who in his turn, as the owner of the gift, presents these offerings to the deceased) on the consideration that he will care for him or help in caring for him in the other world. And because the king is the representative of the god upon the surface of the earth, and at the same time the representative of the people before the god, it was incumbent upon him to perform this role.

We shall interpret the matter in our reading of this formula by means of two examples, one of them associated with Osiris and the other with Anubis.

The Offering Formula associated with the god Osiris (as it appears in Gardiner’s Grammar):

ḥtp-di-nsw wsir nb ḏdw nṯr ꜥꜣ nb ꜣbḏw di.f prt-ḫrw (m) t ḥnḳt kꜣw ꜣpdw šs mnḫt ḫt nb(t) nfr(t) wꜥbt ꜥnḫt nṯr im n kꜣ n imꜣḫy s-n-wsrt mꜣꜥ-ḫrw

“An offering which the king gives to Osiris, Lord of Busiris, the great god, Lord of Abydos, that he may give an invocation-offering (consisting of) bread, beer, oxen, fowl, alabaster, clothing, and every good and pure thing upon which a god lives, to the ka of the revered one Senusret, true of voice.”

The Formula associated with the god Anubis:

ḥtp-di-nsw ḥtp (di) inpw ḫnty sḥ-nṯr tpy ḏw.f prt-ḫrw n.f m ḥb nb rꜥ nb ptḥ-špss

“An offering which the king gives, an offering which Anubis gives, who is at the head of the divine booth, who is upon his mountain, (that there may be) an invocation-offering for him at every festival and on every day (for the ka of) Ptahshepses.”

9 – Some of the Common Titles

First: Royal Titles

Title	Transliteration	Meaning
nb tꜣwy	nb tꜣwy	Lord of the Two Lands
mwt nṯr	mwt nṯr	Mother of the God
mwt nsw	mwt nsw	Mother of the King
nṯr nfr	nṯr nfr	The Good God
nṯr ꜥꜣ	nṯr ꜥꜣ	The Great God
ḥnwt tꜣwy	ḥnwt tꜣwy	Mistress of the Two Lands
ḥmt nṯr	ḥmt nṯr	Wife of the God
ḥmt nsw	ḥmt nsw	Wife of the King
snt nsw	snt nsw	Sister of the King
sꜣt nsw	sꜣt nsw	Daughter of the King
sꜣ nsw	sꜣ nsw	Son of the King

Second: Non-Royal Titles

Title	Transliteration	Meaning
iry pꜥt	iry pꜥt	Hereditary Prince / Noble
im(y)-r pr	im(y)-r pr	Overseer of the House / Steward
im(y)-r	im(y)-r	Overseer
rḫ nsw	rḫ nsw	King’s Acquaintance
nbt pr	nbt pr	Mistress of the House
wꜥb	wꜥb	Wab-priest / Pure Priest
ḥm nṯr	ḥm nṯr	Prophet / Servant of the God
ḥm	ḥm	Servant
ḥꜣty-ꜥ	ḥꜣty-ꜥ	Count / Mayor
sš	sš	Scribe
ḥr(y)-ḥb(t)	ḥr(y)-ḥb(t)	Lector Priest
ḥm-kꜣ	ḥm-kꜣ	Ka-servant
ṯꜣty	ṯꜣty	Vizier
šmꜥyt	šmꜥyt	Chantress

10 – Dating

There is no doubt that the arrival of the ancient Egyptian at the process of measuring time is a prominent landmark on the path of Egyptian civilisation, which occupies a clear priority in this field; for the measurement of time is a matter essential to the movement of life in any age and upon any land. Egyptian man remained for a long period of time extending over tens of thousands of years in that period (which is known as Prehistoric Egypt) not knowing how to date, because he had not yet settled upon a particular calendar, and because he had not yet known writing as an instrument of dating.

As soon as he arrived at the knowledge of agriculture, which means settlement, it was necessary for him to organise the agricultural cycle, to know the movement of the planets and the heavenly bodies, and to follow the timing of the rise and fall of the Nile. As soon as he knew writing he began to record the events of his day, and consequently the idea of the calendar began to become clearer.

It is clear that the ancient Egyptian divided the year into 12 months, and made the month a period of thirty days, so that the total of the days of the year became 360 days. He also knew the five epagomenal days which are known by the name (*hryw rnpt*). He divided the year into three seasons, each season consisting of four months, as follows:

Season of the Inundation (Akhet)	Season of Winter (Peret)	Season of Summer (Shemu)
ꜣḫt	prt	šmw

The beginning of the Egyptian year coincided with the beginning of the inundation, which coincides with the appearance of the star Sirius (Sothis), which occurs around the 19th of July in our present calendar. The ancient Egyptian used to begin the dating with the year; he did not use the word *rnpt* which is used to indicate “year” in general, but rather used a compound word which is (*ḥꜣt-sp*), then followed the year with the word indicating the month which is (*ꜣbd*), then the word indicating the season, then the day for which the Egyptian did not use the word indicating “day” in general (which is *hrw*), but rather used (*sw*); then the dating ends with the name of the king under whose reign it is dated.

Example:
ḥꜣt-sp 8 ꜣbd 3 prt sw 20 ḥr ḥm n nsw-bity ………… ꜥnḫ wḏꜣ snb

“Year 8, month 3 of the season of Winter (Peret), day 20, under the Majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt ………… May he live, be prosperous and healthy.”

Module Key Takeaways

• Royal titles, symbols, and temple names formed a consistent system of Egyptian religious and political expression.
• Political capitals changed across dynasties, while essential funerary and offering formulae remained central to Egyptian monuments.
• Dating used a 365-day year divided into three seasons, beginning with the inundation and the rising of Sirius.

Royal Titles and Sacred Symbols | Egyptology

Through dealing with the scenes and the texts the student will encounter a group of the titles, the vocabulary and the traditional formulae special to the formulae of praise, the invocations, the prayers and others; he will also notice their repetition whenever these scenes or those texts are repeated. As a facilitation for the student and the worker in the field of archaeology and guidance, we have gathered them within the framework of an appendix in the hope that it may achieve the desired benefit from it.

1 – The Royal Titles

There are five titles, namely:

(a) Horus

It is pronounced “Ḥr” in ancient Egyptian, “Hōr” in Coptic, and “Horus” in Greek.

(b) Two Ladies (or Horus of the Two Ladies / Nebty)

It has been the custom to translate this title as “Horus of the Two Ladies,” but researchers now tend to translate it: “Horus the Victor over Seth,” relying on the fact that the sign (nwb) upon which Horus stands is not a sign for “gold” in this case, but is rather an abbreviated form of the word (nwb.t) which is the name of the city of Ombos, the centre of the cult of the god Seth (present-day Nagada, Qena Governorate). From a symbolic and mythological viewpoint the standing of Horus upon the centre of the cult of Seth means his victory over this god – a matter that is confirmed through the standing of Horus upon Seth, who appears sometimes in the form of a pig, as appears in the story of the conflict between Horus and Seth recorded on the walls of the temple of Edfu.

(c) Golden Horus (or Horus of Gold)

“The One belonging to the Two Ladies,” an indication of the traditional bond across the Egyptian ages between the king and the goddess of the South before the Unification: “Nekhbet,” and the goddess of the North: “Wadjet.”

(d) Son of Re

“Son of the Sun”: this title expresses the relationship between the kings of Egypt and the sun-god in one of his forms. This title is the “birth” title.

(e) King of Upper and Lower Egypt (Nesu-bity)

“King of Upper and Lower Egypt”: this is the coronation title, that is, the title that confirms the king’s rule of the country. The title means literally: the One belonging to the plant “swt” (the sedge), the symbol of the South, and to the bee “bit,” the symbol of the North.

In addition to these five principal titles, the kings bore a large number of titles and epithets; we shall refer to one of them, namely the title (pr-ꜥꜣ): Pharaoh. The word “Pharaoh” is a compound word from “pr” meaning “house,” and “ꜥꜣ” meaning “great,” that is: “the Great House,” or “the palace” in which the king resides. The word continued to be used to mean “palace” until the middle of the Eighteenth Dynasty, when it began to be used as a “royal” title among the titles of the kings of Egypt.

2 – Vocabulary Indicating the Sacred Symbols of the Gods and the Kings

Ḥqꜣ (Ruler / Sceptre)

It is the symbol indicating rule and authority, and it represents a curved staff that goes back in its origins to the shepherd’s staff.

Nḫḫ (Flail / Whip)

It is one of the signs indicating authority. In connection with our modern and contemporary history, the holders of authority in the towns and villages used to carry the flail (the minsha) as a manifestation of distinction from others, in addition to its practical role in driving away the flies and the flying insects.

Dd (Djed Column)

It means in its general sense “stability,” and it is one of the symbols of the god Osiris. It represents, it seems, a part of the vertebral column of man. This symbol indicates the house of Osiris – a matter that is confirmed through the ritual known as “the Raising of the Djed Column.”

Wꜣs (Was Sceptre)

The word “wꜣs” means in its general sense “prosperity, dominion,” and it became one of the religious symbols. It represents a staff with an animal’s head.

Wꜣḏ (Papyrus Stem / Column)

It is the “papyrus stem,” or “a column in the form of a papyrus stem.” In view of the sacredness of the papyrus from the earliest beginnings of Egyptian civilisation, it became one of the sacred symbols.

Ꜥnḫ (Ankh / Sign of Life)

One of the most famous symbols indicating “life,” which the kings and the gods used to carry. The sign represents in origin a “sandal-strap.”

3 – The Names of the Royal Crowns

The royal crowns and the coverings of the head multiplied in ancient Egypt; consequently the vocabulary indicating them also multiplied and differed according to the difference of the occasions and the rituals in which the kings took part. The ancient Egyptian applied the word “ḫꜥw” and its plural “ḫꜥw.w” to express the royal crown (the crowns) in general, but he made for each crown, by way of distinguishing it from the other crowns, a special name of its own as follows:

The White Crown (Crown of the South)

Name	Transliteration
The White Crown	ḥḏt
Crown of the South	šmꜥ.w
The Great Crown	wrt
The Beautiful Crown	nfrt

The Red Crown (Crown of the North)

Name	Transliteration
The Red Crown	dšrt
Crown of the North	mḥ(w)
The Papyrus Crown	wꜣḏt
The Bee Crown	bit

Other Crowns

Name	Transliteration
The Atef Crown (of Osiris)	ꜣtf
The Blue Crown	ḫprš
The Double Crown	sḫmty
Head-cloth	ḫꜣt
The Two Feathers	šwty
The Nemes	nms

4 – The Names of the Pyramids

Most of the Egyptian pyramids were given names that indicate the names of their owners, and that describe the pyramids and their owners with particular attributes and epithets. The names that were given – if they were given – to the attempts to arrive at the complete pyramidal form from the reign of Djoser until before the reign of Huni, the owner of the Meidum pyramid (which is also attributed to King Sneferu), are not known.

As for the pyramids (of the Old and Middle Kingdoms) for which names are not known, either they were not given names, or we have not yet found them; the latter possibility is the more probable.

Fourth Dynasty

Pyramid	Name (Transliteration)	Location	Meaning
Pyramid of Sneferu	ḏd-snfrw	Dahshur	Sneferu Endures
Pyramid of Sneferu (Northern)	ḫꜥ snfrw	Dahshur	May Sneferu Shine (Rise)
Pyramid of Sneferu (Southern / Bent)	ḫꜥ snfrw rsy	Dahshur	May Sneferu Shine (Rise) – the Southern
Pyramid of Khufu	ꜣḫt ḫwfw	Giza	Horizon of Khufu
Pyramid of Djedefre	sḥd ḏd.f-rꜥ	Abu Rawash	Djedefre is Radiant
Pyramid of Khafre	wr ḫꜥ.f-rꜥ	Giza	Great is Khafre
Pyramid of Menkaure	nṯry mn-kꜣw-rꜥ	Giza	Divine is Menkaure
Mastaba of Shepseskaf	qbḥw špss kꜣ.f	South Saqqara	(The Place of) Purification of Shepseskaf

Fifth Dynasty

Pyramid	Name (Transliteration)	Location	Meaning
Pyramid of Userkaf	wꜥb swt wsr-kꜣ.f	Saqqara	Pure are the Places of Userkaf
Pyramid of Sahure	ḫꜥi bꜣ sꜣḥw-rꜥ	Abusir	The Ba of Sahure Shines
Pyramid of Neferirkare	bꜣ nfr-ir-kꜣ-rꜥ	Abusir	The Ba of Neferirkare
Pyramid of Neferefre	nṯr(y) nfr.f-rꜥ	Abusir	Divine is the Ba of Neferefre
Pyramid of Niuserre	mn swt n(y)-wsr-rꜥ	Abusir	Enduring are the Places of Niuserre
Pyramid of Menkauhor	nṯr(y) swt mn kꜣw ḥr	Dahshur	Divine are the Places of Menkauhor
Pyramid of Djedkare	nfr ḏd kꜣ-rꜥ	South Saqqara	Beautiful is Djedkare
Pyramid of Unas	nfr swt wnīs	Saqqara	Beautiful are the Places of Unas

Sixth Dynasty

Pyramid	Name (Transliteration)	Location	Meaning
Pyramid of Teti	ḏd swt tti	Saqqara	Enduring are the Places of Teti
Pyramid of Pepi I	mn nfr ppy	South Saqqara	Pepi is Established and Beautiful
Pyramid of Merenre	ḫꜥi nfr mri n rꜥ	South Saqqara	The Beauty of Merenre Shines
Pyramid of Neferkare (Pepi II)	mn ꜥnḫ nfr kꜣ rꜥ	South Saqqara	Neferkare is Established and Living
Pyramid of Neferkare the Second	ḏd ꜥnḫ nfr kꜣ rꜥ	South Saqqara	May the Life of Neferkare Endure

Later Periods

Pyramid	Name (Transliteration)	Location	Meaning
Pyramid of Merykare	wꜣḏ swt mry-kꜣ-rꜥ	—	Flourishing is the Throne of Merykare
Pyramid of Mentuhotep	ꜣḫ swt	Deir el-Bahari	The Throne is Radiant
Pyramid of Amenemhat I	swt ḫꜥ imn m ḥꜣt	Lisht	The Places of the Appearance of Amenemhat
Pyramid of Senusret I	s n wsr.t ptr tꜣwy	Lisht	“Senusret surveys the Two Lands”
Pyramid of Amenemhat II	ḏd imn-m-ḥꜣt	Dahshur	Amenemhat is Provided (with Amun)
Pyramid of Senusret II	(name unknown)	Lahun	—
Pyramid of Senusret III	(name unknown)	Dahshur	—
Pyramid of Amenemhat III	(name unknown)	Dahshur	—
Pyramid of Amenemhat III	(name unknown)	Hawara	—
Pyramid of Khendjer	(name unknown)	Dahshur	—
Pyramid of Khendjer	(name unknown)	Mazghuna	—

5 – A List of the Names of the Most Important Temples in Ancient Egypt

The ancient Egyptian expressed the word “temple” by means of several terms, among them:

Term	Meaning
r-pr	Temple
ḥwt	Temple / Enclosure
pr	Temple / House
ḥwt-nṯr	House of the God
pr-ꜥꜣḫ	Funerary Temple
pr-dwꜣt	Valley Temple

Names of the Most Important Temples

First: The Temples of the Gods

Temple	Name (Transliteration)	Meaning
Temples of Karnak	ipt-swt	The Most Select of Places
Temple of Luxor	ipt-rsyt	The Southern Harem
Great Temple of Abu Simbel (Ramesses II)	pr mry-imn rꜥ-ms-swt	The House of Ramesses, Beloved of Amun

Second: The Funerary Temples

Temple	Name (Transliteration)	Meaning
Temple of Queen Ahmose-Nefertari	mn swt	Enduring of Thrones
Temple of King Amenhotep I	ḫnmt mn	United with Eternity

Module Key Takeaways

• Royal identity: The five royal titles and key sacred symbols defined the king’s divine and political authority in ancient Egypt.
• Names as meaning: Crowns, pyramids, and temples each carried specific names with transliterations and meanings tied to gods, kings, and stability.
• Reference value: The appendix provides a practical reference for recognizing standard titles, symbols, and architectural naming patterns.